Agricultural communities developed approximately 10, years ago when humans began to domesticate plants and animals. By establishing domesticity, families and larger groups were able to build communities and transition from a nomadic hunter-gatherer lifestyle dependent on foraging and hunting for survival. Select from these resources to teach your students about agricultural communities.
Mesopotamia is thought to be one of the places where early civilization developed. It is a historic region of West Asia within the Tigris-Euphrates river system. In fact, the word Mesopotamia means "between rivers" in Greek. Home to the ancient civilizations of Sumer, Assyria, and Babylonia these peoples are credited with influencing mathematics and astronomy.
Use these classroom resources to help your students develop a better understanding of the cradle of civilization. Hunter-gatherer cultures forage or hunt food from their environment. Often nomadic, this was the only way of life for humans until about 12, years ago when archaeologic studies show evidence of the emergence of agriculture.
Human lifestyles began to change as groups formed permanent settlements and tended crops. There are still a few hunter-gatherer peoples today.
Explore the lifestyle of hunter-gatherers in your classroom with these resources. Humans relied on hunting and gathering practices to survive for thousands of years before the development of agriculture. This more reliable food supply meant humans could stay in one place and gave rise to settled communities and cities.
These urban civilizations had larger populations, unique architecture and art, systems of government, different social and economic classes, and a division of labor. Learn more about the rise of cities with these resources. Explore the origins of farming and domestication in the Fertile Crescent. The development of agricultural about 12, years ago changed the way humans lived. They switched from nomadic hunter-gatherer lifestyles to permanent settlements and farming. Join our community of educators and receive the latest information on National Geographic's resources for you and your students.
Skip to content. Twitter Facebook Pinterest Google Classroom. Encyclopedic Entry Vocabulary. Only domesticated animals wear hats. Photograph by Jodi Cobb. Archaeologist Traces Drink to Stone Age. Media Credits The audio, illustrations, photos, and videos are credited beneath the media asset, except for promotional images, which generally link to another page that contains the media credit.
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During this period, keeping domesticated animals became a status symbol — leading to the rise of pets. Part of their appeal, says Bradshaw on little evidence , is an atavistic liking of stroking and grooming the fur of another, which he believes played a role in our ancestral, furry past we lost most of it some 1.
But do we really keep pets so we can stroke them? The Victorian era saw the rise of keeping pets and the display of animals with particular colours or shapes to confer status. Cute or crazy? Modern life generally is now very different, more industrialised and urban, but the animals we live with continue to carry great social and symbolic weight.
According to Bradshaw, Westerners have reached the third phase of living with animals, where the practice is so common that it is universally accepted.
In fact, pets are increasingly seen as offering us tangible benefits — as therapy animals, assistants to people who are blind or disabled, and companions to those who are socially isolated.
In one of the best and most thought-provoking parts of his book, Bradshaw dissects the practice of anthropomorphism as a typically human attempt to understand the animals with which we live so intimately. He raises important questions about the greater significance of keeping pets and their benefits.
For example, is assigning human characteristics to another species really key to the close emotional and family-type relationships many humans form with their pets?
Does anthropomorphism balance out the energetic and economic costs of pets in the modern world? I take a very different view: anthropomorphism is as much a barrier to domestication and close relationships with animals as it is a boon. My view of domestication is that humans and the species that find it worthwhile negotiate a common language — a world view that is neither human nor animal.
Simply put, we perceive very little of what a dog does: for example, we are nearly scent-blind. This process is active, a choice as well as an evolutionary adaptation.
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